diff --git a/pyiceberg/table/upsert_util.py b/pyiceberg/table/upsert_util.py
index 6f32826eb0..2ed53d6f8e 100644
--- a/pyiceberg/table/upsert_util.py
+++ b/pyiceberg/table/upsert_util.py
@@ -85,20 +85,20 @@ def get_rows_to_update(source_table: pa.Table, target_table: pa.Table, join_cols
             f"DataFrames, and cannot be used as column names"
         ) from None
 
-    # Step 1: Prepare source index with join keys and a marker index
-    # Cast to target table schema, so we can do the join
-    # See: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/37542
+    # Step 1: Prepare source index with join keys and a marker index.
+    # Cast only join columns to target join-column schema so schema evolution
+    # (for example, newly added non-key columns) doesn't break the join setup.
     source_index = (
-        source_table.cast(target_table.schema)
-        .select(join_cols_set)
+        source_table.select(join_cols)
+        .cast(pa.schema([target_table.schema.field(col) for col in join_cols]))
         .append_column(SOURCE_INDEX_COLUMN_NAME, pa.array(range(len(source_table))))
     )
 
     # Step 2: Prepare target index with join keys and a marker
-    target_index = target_table.select(join_cols_set).append_column(TARGET_INDEX_COLUMN_NAME, pa.array(range(len(target_table))))
+    target_index = target_table.select(join_cols).append_column(TARGET_INDEX_COLUMN_NAME, pa.array(range(len(target_table))))
 
     # Step 3: Perform an inner join to find which rows from source exist in target
-    matching_indices = source_index.join(target_index, keys=list(join_cols_set), join_type="inner")
+    matching_indices = source_index.join(target_index, keys=join_cols, join_type="inner")
 
     # Step 4: Compare all rows using Python
     to_update_indices = []
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def get_rows_to_update(source_table: pa.Table, target_table: pa.Table, join_cols
 
         for key in non_key_cols:
             source_val = source_row.column(key)[0].as_py()
-            target_val = target_row.column(key)[0].as_py()
+            target_val = target_row.column(key)[0].as_py() if key in target_table.column_names else None
             if source_val != target_val:
                 to_update_indices.append(source_idx)
                 break
diff --git a/tests/table/test_upsert.py b/tests/table/test_upsert.py
index 08f90c6600..072064cc0d 100644
--- a/tests/table/test_upsert.py
+++ b/tests/table/test_upsert.py
@@ -714,6 +714,57 @@ def test_upsert_with_nulls(catalog: Catalog) -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_upsert_after_schema_add_column(catalog: Catalog) -> None:
+    identifier = "default.test_upsert_after_schema_add_column"
+    _drop_table(catalog, identifier)
+
+    schema = Schema(
+        NestedField(1, "id", IntegerType(), required=True),
+        NestedField(2, "name", StringType(), required=True),
+        identifier_field_ids=[1],
+    )
+
+    tbl = catalog.create_table(identifier, schema=schema)
+
+    initial = pa.Table.from_pylist(
+        [{"id": 1, "name": "Alice"}],
+        schema=pa.schema(
+            [
+                pa.field("id", pa.int32(), nullable=False),
+                pa.field("name", pa.string(), nullable=False),
+            ]
+        ),
+    )
+    tbl.append(initial)
+
+    with tbl.update_schema() as update_schema:
+        update_schema.add_column("country", StringType())
+        tbl = tbl.refresh()
+
+    source = pa.Table.from_pylist(
+        [
+            {"id": 1, "name": "Alice", "country": "NL"},
+            {"id": 2, "name": "Bob", "country": "US"},
+        ],
+        schema=pa.schema(
+            [
+                pa.field("id", pa.int32(), nullable=False),
+                pa.field("name", pa.string(), nullable=False),
+                pa.field("country", pa.string(), nullable=True),
+            ]
+        ),
+    )
+
+    upd = tbl.upsert(source, ["id"])
+
+    assert upd.rows_updated == 1
+    assert upd.rows_inserted == 1
+    assert sorted(tbl.scan().to_arrow().to_pylist(), key=lambda row: row["id"]) == [
+        {"id": 1, "name": "Alice", "country": "NL"},
+        {"id": 2, "name": "Bob", "country": "US"},
+    ]
+
+
 def test_transaction(catalog: Catalog) -> None:
     """Test the upsert within a Transaction. Make sure that if something fails the entire Transaction is
     rolled back."""